Part of speech/zh

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The mandarin (chinese) parts of speech are:

Note: Pattern is as follows:

traditional mandarin (simplified mandarin; english)

Contents

[edit] 名詞 / Noun

  • doubling a noun means for every
    • 人人 = every one
    • 天天 = every day
  • postfix 们 means plural; but only when plural is not clear:
    • 老师 = Teacher (singular)
    • 老师们 = Teachers (plural)
    • 五个老师 = 5 Teacher (plural; no need for the postfix)

[edit] 作主语 / Noun as subject

北京 是 中国 的 首都
north capital
(Beijing) 		is center nation
(China) 		of capital
The capital city of the north (Beijing) is the capital city of the whole center nation (China).


夏 天 热
Summer sky hot
In Summer it is hot.


西边 是 操场
west direction is sport field
On the west side is the sportfield.


老师 给 我们 上 课
teacher give me (plural) first lesson
The teacher gives us the first lesson

[edit] 作宾语 / Noun as object

小云 看 书
Xiaoyun watch/read book
Xiaoyun reads a book


现 在是 五 点
now existing is five point (o'clock)
Now it is five o'clock.


我们 家 在 东边
me (plural) furniture (house) located/exists east direction
Our house is located in the east.


我 写 作业
I write do study
I write my homework.

[edit] 作定语 / Noun as Attribute

这 是 中国 瓷器
This is China chinaware/porcelain tool
This is a chinese porcelain tool.


我 喜欢 夏天 的 夜晚
I be happy summer sky of night evening
I like summer's evening/night sky.


英语 语法 比 较简 气色
English language tell method comparatively complexion
The english grammar is comparatively complex.


妈妈的 衣服 在 那儿
Mama's clothes located/exists there
Mother's dress is there.

[edit] Noun as adverbial adjunct

Only applies to time nouns and location nouns.

我们 晚上 上课
me (plural) evening (attend; in the) (attend; join) lesson
We have a lesson in the evening.


您 里边 请
you (formal) inside (as noun) please (to invite)
Come in please.


我们 外边 谈
me (plural) outside (as noun) speak/talk
Let us talk outside.

[edit] 代名詞 / Pronoun

Note: 其 is used to express his, her, its, theirs, that, such, it

[edit] 動詞 / Verb

[edit] 作谓语 / Verb as predicate

我 喜欢 北京
I like Beijing
我 站 在 长城 上
I stand at constant wall (Great Wall) top
I am standing on the top of the Great Wall

[edit] 作主语 / Verb as subject

浪费 可耻
(to) waste disgraceful
Waste is disgraceful.
比赛 结束 了
competition ended (completely finished)
The competition ended.

[edit] 作定语 / Verb as attribute

  • 的 must be added to a verb used as an attributive
你 有 吃的 东西 吗？
You have eat of east west (things/something) (question)
Do you have something 'to eat?
他 说的 话 很 正确
He persuade (politically) of speak very correct
He persuades by speaking correct. (He is saying the truth)

[edit] 作宾语 / Verb as object

我 喜欢 学习
I like study
I like studying
我们 十点 结束了 讨论
me (plural) 10 o'clock finally finished discussion
We finished the discussion at 10 o'clock.

[edit] 作补语 / Verb as complement

我 听 得 懂
I listen proper understand
I hear and understand properly. (I understand)
他 看 不 见
He watch/guard not see
He (watches for but) can't see it.

[edit] 作状语 / Verb as adverbial adjunct

  • 地 (-ly) must be added to a verb used as an adverbial adjunct:
他 父母 热情地 接待 了 我
He/His father & mother (parents) hot feeling (enthusiasticly) receive (past) me
His parents welcomed me (warm and) enthusiasticly.
学生们 认真地 听 老师 讲 课
study life (living student; plural) seriously listen teacher talk subject
The students are seriously listening to the teacher (while the teacher talks about a subject).

[edit] Important cases

  • Chinese verbs have no morphological change. Ie. 是 refers to each of "am", "is", "was", "are", "do", "did", etc.
  • The particle 着 is suffixed to a verb to emphasize the present. (I am in Beijing)
  • The particle 了 is suffixed to a verb to emphasize the past. (I was in Beijing)
  • The particle 过 is suffixed to a verb to emphasize the past with special stress. (I have been to Beijing)

[edit] 辅助动词 / Auxiliary verb

  • express capability:
    • 能 = can, may, capable, able
    • 能够 = capable, able to
    • 会 = can, possible, able to, assemble
  • expressing possibility:
    • 能 = can, may, capable, able
    • 能够 = capable of; able to
    • 会 = can, possible, able to, assemble
    • 可以 = can, may, possible, able to
    • 可能 = might (happen), possible, probable, possibility, probability
  • express necessity by reason:
    • 应该 = ought to, should, must
    • 应当 = should, ought to
    • 该 = that, the above-mentioned, most likely, deserve, should, ought to, owe
    • 要 = demand, ask, request, coerce
  • express obligation:
    • 必须 = have to, must
    • 得 = obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, finished
  • express willingness:
    • 要 = demand, ask, request, coerce
    • 想 = think, believe, suppose, wish, want, miss
    • 愿意 = wish, want, ready, willing
    • 敢 = dare
    • 肯 = agree, consent, being ready, willing
  • 必須 (必须; to have to; must)
  • 得 (得; a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect; degree or possibility)
  • 得 (得; to have to; must; ought to; to need to)
  • 該 (该; that; the above-mentioned; most likely; to deserve; should; ought to; owe)
  • 會 (会; can; be possible; be able to; to assemble; to meet; to gather; to see; union; group; association)
  • 可能 (可能; might (happen); possible; probable; possibility; probability)
  • 可以 (可以; can; may; possible; able to)
  • 能 (能; can; may; capable; energy; able)
  • 想 (想; to think; to believe; to suppose; to wish; to want; to miss)
  • 要 (要; important; vital; to want; to be going to; must)
  • 應該 (应该; ought to; should; must)
  • 願意 (愿意; to wish; to want; ready; willing (to do sth))
  • 準備 (准备; preparation; prepare)

[edit] 形容詞 / Adjective

  • describe shape:
    • 大 = big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest
    • 小 = small, tiny, few, young
    • 高 = high, tall
    • 矮 = short (not tall)
    • 红 = bonus, popular, red, revolutionary
    • 绿 = green, chlorine
    • 齐 = even
    • 美丽 = beautiful
  • describe property or quality:
    • 好 = good, well
    • 坏 = good, well
    • 冷 = cold
    • 热 = warm, hot
    • 对 = right (not false)
    • 错 = uneven, wrong, false
    • 正确 = correct, proper
    • 伟大 = great, mighty, large
    • 优秀 = outstanding, excellent
    • 严重 = grave, serious, severe, critical
  • describe the state of movement or action:
    • 快 = fast, quick, swift
    • 慢 = slow
    • 紧张 = nervous, keyed up, intense, tense, strained, scarce
    • 流利 = fluent
    • 认真 = earnest, serious
    • 熟练 = practiced, proficient, skilled, skillful
    • 残酷 = cruel
Examples
Traditional Simplified Definition
矮 矮 short (not tall)
棒 棒 fantastic; a stick; club or cudgel; smart; capable; strong
薄 薄 thin; slight
彆扭 别扭 awkward; uncomfortable
不錯 不错 correct; right; not bad; pretty good
不同 不同 different; distinct; not the same; not alike
曾經 曾经 once; at one time; (refers to something that happened previously)
潮濕 潮湿 damp; moist
趁早 趁早 (do) while you can
純棉 纯棉 pure cotton
粗 粗 coarse; rough; thick; unfinished; vulgar; rude; crude
大 大 big; huge; large; major; great; wide; deep; oldest; eldest
單 单 bill; list; form; single; only; sole
倒黴 倒霉 bad luck
動不動就 动不动就 to do something too readily
多葉 多叶 leafy
分明 分明 clearly demarcated; sharply contoured
干 干 dry; to concern; shield
乾巴巴 乾巴巴 dry and dull
高 高 high; tall
高速 高速 high speed
高興 高兴 happy; glad; willing (to do sth); in a cheerful mood
更別說 更别说 let alone; to say nothing of
公共 公共 public; common (use)
夠 够 to reach; to be enough
慣 惯 accustomed to; used to
廣 广 wide; numerous; to spread
貴 贵 expensive; noble; your (name); precious
好 好 good; well
好吃 好吃 tasty; delicious
好喝 好喝 good to drink
好看 好看 good-looking
好玩 好玩 fun
好笑 好笑 funny
盒裝的 盒装的 boxed
黑 黑 black; dark
紅 红 bonus; popular; red; revolutionary
滑 滑 to slide; slippery; smooth; comical; cunning
壞 坏 bad
黃 黄 (surname); sulfur; yellow
基本 基本 basic; fundamental; main
激動 激动 to excite; to agitate; exciting
急 急 hurried; worried
急躁 急躁 irritable; irascible; impetuous
淺 浅 shallow
簡單 简单 simple; not complicated
近 近 near; close (to); approximately
開朗 开朗 outgoing and cheerful; (adj) well lit; suddenly become bright and clear; (adj)carefree; without worry
渴 渴 thirsty
可愛 可爱 amiable; cute; lovely
可怕 可怕 awful; dreadful; fearful; formidable; frightful; hideous; horrible; terrible; terribly
客氣 客气 polite
空 空 air; sky; empty; in vain
苦 苦 bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
酷 酷 cool; ruthless; strong (as of wine)
快樂 快乐 happy; merry
辣 辣 hot (spicy); pungent
藍 蓝 blue
老 老 (a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or familiar
累 累 tired; implicate
冷 冷 cold
理想 理想 ideal
厲害 厉害 terrible; formidable
涼快 凉快 nice and cold; pleasantly cool
流利 流利 fluent
綠 绿 green; chlorine
囉嗦 罗嗦 repetitious; fuzzy
慢 慢 slow
忙 忙 busy
美 美 beautiful; America
美式 美式 American style
悶 闷 smother; stuffy
模仿 模仿 to imitate; to copy
拿手 拿手 expert in; good at
男 男 male
難 难 difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
難受 难受 feel unwell; suffer pain
難聽 难听 (of words) ugly
嫩 嫩 tender; soft
女 女 female; woman
暖和 暖和 warm; nice and warm
胖 胖 fat; plump
便宜 便宜 inexpensive
片面 片面 unilateral; one-sided
漂亮 漂亮 pretty; beautiful
其他的 其他的 other
勤儉 勤俭 hardworking and thrifty
清 清 clear; distinct; complete; pure
軽 軽 light; easy, simple; gentle
清楚 清楚 clear; clearly understood; distinct
清淡 清淡 light; bland
情愛 情爱 dear; beloved
熱 热 heat; to heat up; fervent; hot (of weather); warm up
容易 容易 easy; likely; liable (to)
軟 软 soft; flexible
沙啞 沙哑 hoarse
少 少 few; little; lack
深 深 deep; profound
瘦 瘦 tight; thin; lean
舒服 舒服 comfortable
帥 帅 handsome; commander-in-chief; to command
素 素 plain
酸 酸 sour; sore; ache; acid
甜 甜 sweet
挑剔 挑剔 fastidious, picky
通情達理 通情达理 understanding and reasonable
團團轉 团团转 busy, (literally, "running around in circles")
晚 晚 evening; night; late
鹹 咸 salty
香 香 fragrant; incense; (of food) savory; appetizing; sweet; scented; popular
詳細 详细 detailed; in detail; minute
小 小 small; tiny; few; young
小康 小康 relative comfortable life
新 新 meso- (chem.); new; newly
新婚 新婚 newly married
辛苦 辛苦 hard; exhausting; with much toil
癢 痒 itch
一樣 一样 same; like; equal to; the same as; just like
陰 阴 (of weather) overcast; Yin; feminine; moon; cloudy; negative (electric.); shady
用功 用功 diligent; industrious (in one's studies)
油 油 oil; sly
遠 远 far; distant; remote
遠遠地 远远地 from a distance
在世 在世 be livng; exist
糟糕 糟糕 too bad; how terrible; what bad luck; terrible; bad
早 早 early; morning
窄 窄 narrow
中 中 within; among; in; middle; center; while (doing sth); during; China; Chinese
重 重 heavy; serious
醉 醉 intoxicated

[edit] 嘆詞 / Interjection

  • 哎 = hey, lookout, why, etc.
  • 唉 = realization or agreement (yes, oh, right, etc.)
  • 啊 = express doubt or question; show realization or stress; surprise; oh; ah
  • 啊呀 = oh
  • 喂 = hello, feed (someone or some animal), hey, telephone greeting
  • 哟 = Oh; sound made when expressing surprise; (idiom) used at end of sentence as an exclamation
  • 呜呜 = boo hoo
  • 啧 = admiration or disgust
  • 噫 = approval, belch
  • 嗳 = disapproval
  • 嗳 = regret
  • 嚄 = surprise
  • 讵 = surprise
  • 愚人節快樂 = April Fool!
  • 繄 = sighing sound
  • 咍 = happy, sound of laughter
  • 哼 = contempt
  • 哎呀 = wonder, shock or admiration
  • 哼 = contempt

[edit] 联 / Conjunction

[edit] 量词 / Measure Word

  • 把 (把; (a measure word); (marker for direct-object); to hold; to contain; to grasp; to take hold of))
  • 班 (班; team; class; rank; squad; a work shift; （a measure word for regularly scheduled transportation services); (a surname))
  • 幫 (帮; to assist; to support; to help; group; gang; party)
  • 磅 (磅; a measure word; pound (unit of measurement); scale; weigh)
  • 包 (包; to cover; to wrap; to hold; to include; to take charge of; package; wrapper; container; bag; to hold or embrace; bundle; packet; to contract (to or for))
  • 杯 (杯; cup; a measure word)
  • 本 (本; roots or stems of plants; origin; source; this; the current; root; foundation; basis; (a measure word))
  • 部 (部; ministry; department; section; part; division; troops; board; (a measure word); (a measure word for works of literature, films, machines, etc.))
  • 冊 (册; book (a measure word for books); booklet)
  • 層 (层; a measure word for layers; laminated; repeated; floor; story (of a building); layer)
  • 場 (场; a courtyard; open space; place; field; a measure word; (a measure word, used for sport or recreation))
  • 尺 (尺; a Chinese foot (M); Chinese musical note; a ruler)
  • 呎 (呎; foot (English))
  • 出 (出; to go out; to come out; to occur; to produce; to go beyond; to rise; to put forth; to occur; to happen; (a measure word for dramas, plays, or operas))
  • 串 (串; to string together; to mix up; to conspire; to connect; (a measure word); string)
  • 床 (床; bed; couch; (a measure word))
  • 幢 (幢; (measure word for houses); tents)
  • 次 (次; nth; number (of times); order; sequence; next; second(ary); (measure word))
  • 簇 (簇; crowded; frame work for silkworms; gather foliage; a measure word; bunch)
  • 寸 (寸; a unit of length; inch; thumb)
  • 道 (道; direction; way; method; road; path; principle; truth; reason; skill; method; Tao (of Taoism); a measure word; to say; to speak; to talk)
  • 點 (点; (downwards-right convex character stroke); o'clock; (a measure word); point; dot; (decimal) point))
  • 點兒 (点儿; a little)
  • 點鐘 (点钟; (indicating time of day) o'clock)
  • 頂 (顶; go against; most; peak; top; to replace; to substitute; a measure word (use with "hat"))
  • 棟 (栋; roof beam, (measure word for houses))
  • 度 (度; capacity; degree; standard)
  • 噸 (吨; ton)
  • 頓 (顿; a time; jerk; stop; meal; bout; spell; (measure word for meals))
  • 朵 (朵; M for flowers)
  • 番 (番; (measure word for acts); deeds; foreign)
  • 分 (分; to divide; minute; (a measure word); (a unit of length = 0.33 centimeter))
  • 份 (份; (a measure word for gifts, copies of a newspaper, magazine, etc.); share; portion; part)
  • 封 (封; to confer; to grant; to seal; (a measure word))
  • 幅 (幅; (measure word for textile or picture); width; roll)
  • 副 (副; secondary; auxiliary; deputy; assistant; vice-; (measure word for a pair))
  • 個 (个; (a measure word); individual)
  • 根 (根; radical (chem.); root; basis; (a measure word for long, thin objects)
  • 公秉 (公秉; kiloliter)
  • 公尺 (公尺; meter)
  • 公寸 (公寸; decimeter)
  • 公撮 (公撮; milliliter)
  • 公斗 (公斗; decaliter)
  • 公噸 (公吨; ton; metric ton)
  • 公分 (公分; centimeter; gram)
  • 公斤 (公斤; kilogram)
  • 公釐 (公厘; decigram; millimeter)
  • 公里 (公里; kilometer)
  • 公兩 (公两; hectogram)
  • 公頃 (公顷; hectare)
  • 公升 (公升; liter)
  • 公石 (公石; hectoliter)
  • 公引 (公引; hectometer)
  • 公丈 (公丈; decameter)
  • 股 (股; share; portion; section; part; thigh; (a measure word, e.g. use with electric current); whiff)
  • 毫克 (毫克; milligram)
  • 毫米 (毫米; millimeter)
  • 號 (号; day of a month; (suffix used after) name of a ship; (ordinal) number)
  • 盒 (盒; box; case)
  • 壺 (壶; pot; (a measure word))
  • 回 (回; (a measure word for matters or actions) a time; to circle; to go back; to turn around; to answer; to return; to revolve)
  • 嚿 (嚿; (Cant.) a lump; measure word)
  • 家 (家; -ist; -er; -ian; home; family; a person engaged in a certain art or profession)
  • 加崙 (加仑; gallon)
  • 間 (间; between; among; space; (measure word))
  • 件 (件; (a measure word for thing; clothes; item)
  • 角 (角; angle; horn; horn-shaped)
  • 節 (节; festival; section; temperate; point; part)
  • 斤 (斤; catty)
  • 局 (局; (a measure word used for games) set or round office; situation; office)
  • 句 (句; (a measure word, for sentences or lines of verse); sentence)
  • 卷 (卷; to roll (up); to sweep up; to carry on)
  • 棵 (棵; (measure word for trees, plants))
  • 顆 (颗; (measure word for small spheres))
  • 克 (克; gram; subdue; to restrain; to overcome)
  • 刻 (刻; quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve; to engrave; to cut; oppressive)
  • 口 (口; mouth; (a measure word))
  • 塊 (块; yuan (unit of currency); fast (of a watch); swift; rapid; happy; joyful; soon; quick; (a measure word, for cloth, cake, soap); lump)
  • 厘克 (厘克; centigram)
  • 厘米 (厘米; centimeter)
  • 厘升 (厘升; centiliter)
  • 哩 (哩; mile)
  • 浬 (浬; nautical mile)
  • 裡 (里; li, a Chinese unit of length = 1; 2 kilometer; village; within; inside)
  • 立方米 (立方米; cubic meter (unit of volume))
  • 倆 (俩; (a numeral-measure word) two; both)
  • 兩 (两; both; two; ounce; some; a few; tael)
  • 輛 (辆; (a measure word for vehicles))
  • 列 (列; to arrange; to line up; row; file; series)
  • 摞 (摞; pile up)
  • 碼 (码; a weight; number; yard; pile; stack)
  • 毛 (毛; dime; hair; pore; fur)
  • 門 (门; door; gate; field of endeavor)
  • 米 (米; (measure word) meter; rice)
  • 秒 (秒; (a measure word); second)
  • 名 (名; name; (measure word for persons); place (e.g. among winners))
  • 畝 (亩; about one sixth of an acre)
  • 盤 (盘; dish; tray; to build; to check; to examine; to transfer; (a measure word used for dishes of food or coils of wire); to coil)
  • 批 (批; to ascertain; (measure word for batches, lots); to act on; to criticize; to pass on)
  • 匹 (匹; (measure word for horses, mules, a bolt of cloth); ordinary person)
  • 篇 (篇; sheet; piece of writing; (a measure word); chapter; article)
  • 片 (片; a slice; piece; flake; thin; slice)
  • 品脫 (品脱; pint)
  • 瓶 (瓶; bottle; (a measure word); vase; pitcher)
  • 平方公里 (平方公里; square kilometer)
  • 平方米 (平方米; square meter)
  • 兛 (兛; kilogram)
  • 千克 (千克; kilogram)
  • 竰 (竰; centiliter)
  • 身 (身; body; torso; person; life; status; pregnancy; (a measure word used for clothes) suit)
  • 聲 (声; sound; voice; (a measure word, used for sounds); tone; noise)
  • 十克 (十克; decagram)
  • 首 (