From OmegaWiki
[edit] Some diachronics: Plural nouns and adjectives
[edit] Feminine
In Lombard tongue, feminine plural is generally derived from Latin first declination accusative -as; some concrete realisations are:
- -as>-a
- -as>-es>-e
- -as>-es>-ei>-i
- -as>-es>-ei>-i> <math>\emptyset</math>
For this reason, an etymological -s (like in French) could be added to feminine plural words provided that:
1) the general lines of a Lombard koiné have been drawn
2) written tongue gets a little bit stronger
[edit] Masculine
On the contrary, masculine plural is generally derived from Latin second declination nominative -i; this desinence eventually drops or
gives rise to palatalisation or metaphonesis; some concrete realisations are:
- -li>-lj>-gl>-j
- -ni>nj>-gn
- -ti>tj>-cc
- Metaphonesis (in regression) : orti>öört;
- Neutralisation: -i> <math>\emptyset</math>
[edit] References
- G.Hull: the linguistic unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia
- E.Banfi, G.Bonfadini, P.Cordin, M.Iliescu: Italia Settentrionale: Crocevia di idiomi Romanzi, Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Trent 21-23 Ottobre 1993 Niemayer, Tübingen, 1995
[edit] Draft for a Swadesh list for Lombard
Bressà (thanks to Ninonino from English Wikipedia) column: please keep into account that ortography is peculiar, and needs to be renormalised: s means always /s/ and z /z/. Final c means /k/. Finall cc mean /tS/.
The complete list will be normalised.
- The language of this list is being standardised, according to a relevant discussion at Lombard wikipedia (link coming soon). According to this policy of wikimedia, this standardisation will be preliminarly published as a scientific paper and then implemented here.
- La lengua da chesta lista (e di paroll Lumbaart al OmegaWiki) a l'è drée a vess standardizada, in acordi a una descüssiun relevanta a la wikipedia Lumbarda (ul liamm al è drée rivá). In acordi a
chesta pulítega da la wikimedia, chesta standardizazziun la sarà d'abord püblegada coma palpée sientífegh e pöö implementada chí.
| №
| English
| Bressà
(needs normalising ortography;
some words to be checked)
| Bergamàsch
| Western Koiné
| Pus·cjavin
| Koiné
|
| 1
| I
| mé
| mé
| mi
|
|
|
| 2
| thou (singular)
| té
| té
| ti
|
|
|
| 3
| he
| lü
| lü
| lüü
|
|
|
| 4
| we
| nóter
| nóter
| nümm, nünch,nüòltar
|
|
|
| 5
| you (plural)
| vóter
| óter
| vuu, vüü, viòltar
|
|
|
| 6
| they
| lùr
| lur
| luur
|
|
|
| 7
| this
| chèsto
| chèst
| cheest
|
|
|
| 8
| that
| chèl
| chèl
| chel
|
|
|
| 9
| here
| ché
| ché
| chí, chilò
|
|
|
| 10
| there
| là
| là
| là, ilò
|
|
|
| 11
| who
| chi
| chi
| chi
|
|
|
| 12
| what
| chè
| se, cósa
| sa, cusa, cussa
|
|
|
| 13
| where
| endóe
| ‘ndo
| indúe
|
|
|
| 14
| when
| quando
| quand
| quaand, cura ca
|
|
|
| 15
| how
| cóme
| cóme
| cuma
|
|
|
| 16
| not
| mía
| mia
| mia
|
|
|
| 17
| all
| töt (sing), töcc (pl.)
| töt (sing), töcc (pl.)
| tütt (sing), tücc (pl.)
|
|
|
| 18
| many
| tacc
| tace
| taant, un bell puu da
|
|
|
| 19
| some
| en quat
| ergü, ü quach
| vargün
|
|
|
| 20
| few
| póc
| póch
| pòcch
|
|
|
| 21
| other
| óter
| óter (m.sing.plur), ótra (f.sing.), ótre (f.plur)
| òolt (m.sing.pl.), oltra (f.sing), oltri (f.plur)
|
|
|
| 22
| one
| giü (m.), giöna (f.)
| ü (m.), öna (f.)
| vün, vöna (f.)
|
|
|
| 23
| two
| du (m.), dò (f.)
| du (m.), dò (f.)
| düü (m.) dò (f.)
|
|
|
| 24
| three
| tré (m.), trè (f.)
| tri (m.), trè (f.)
| trii (m.) trè (f.)
|
|
|
| 25
| four
| quàter
| quàter
| quàtar, quatru
|
|
|
| 26
| five
| sic
| sich
| ciinch
|
|
|
| 27
| big
| grant, gròs
| gròss, grand
| gross, graant
|
|
|
| 28
| long
| lónc
| lóngh
| luungh
|
|
|
| 29
| wide
| larc
| làrgh, grand
| laargh, graant
|
|
|
| 30
| thick
| spès
| spèss, gròss
| spèss, gròss
|
|
|
| 31
| heavy
| gréf
| de pis
| da pees, pesaant
|
|
|
| 32
| small
| picinì, pesèn
| pissèn
| piscin, ziich
|
|
|
| 33
| short
| cürt
| cört, cörta
| cüürt, cürta
|
|
|
| 34
| narrow
| strèt
| strécc, strégia
| strécc, strégia
|
|
|
| 35
| thin
| sitìl
| sitìl, ligér
| sutiil, lisgée
|
|
|
| 36
| woman
| fómna
| fómna, dòna
| fómna, dòna
|
|
|
| 37
| man (adult male)
| òm
| òm
| òmm
|
|
|
| 38
| man (human being)
| òm
| òm
| òmm
|
|
|
| 39
| child (a youth)
| pipì, s·cèt
| s-cet/s-ceta
| nani, nan, fiöö, tuus, matel (m.)/nana, fiöla tusa matèla (f.)
|
|
|
| 40
| wife
| moér, spúza
| spusa, moér
| spusa, miée
|
|
|
| 41
| husband
| òm
| òm, marìt
| omm, marii
|
|
|
| 42
| mother
| màder, máma
| mama
| mama
|
|
|
| 43
| father
| pàder, papà, bubà
| tata
| papà
|
|
|
| 44
| animal
| animàl
| bès-cia
| bès-cja
|
|
|
| 45
| fish
| pès
| pèss
| pèss
|
|
|
| 46
| bird
| ozèl
| osèl
| usell
|
|
|
| 47
| dog (a domestic animal)
| cà
| cà
| can
|
|
|
| 48
| louse
| piöcc
| piöcc
| piöcc
|
|
|
| 49
| snake
| bis
| béssa, serpènt
| béssa, serpeent
|
|
|
| 50
| worm
| vérem
| èrem
|
|
|
|
| 51
| tree
| pjànta
| pianta
| pianta, àrbur
|
|
|
| 52
| forest
| bósc
| bósch
| buusch
|
|
|
| 53
| stick (of wood)
| bastù
| bastù, tarèl
| bastun,tarell
|
|
|
| 54
| fruit
| fröta
| fröt
| frütt
|
|
|
| 55
| seed
| somésa
| soméssa
| sumenza
|
|
|
| 56
| leaf
| fòia
| fòia
| föja
|
|
|
| 57
| root
| raìs
| raìs
| ariis,arisa
|
|
|
| 58
| bark (of tree)
| scórsa
| rösca
| rüsca
|
|
|
| 59
| flower
| fjùr
| fiùr
| fiuur, fluur
|
|
|
| 60
| grass
| èrba
| èrba
| èrba
|
|
|
| 61
| rope
| córda
| córda
| corda
|
|
|
| 62
| skin (of a person)
| pèl
| pèl
| pèll
|
|
|
| 63
| meat (as in flesh)
| càrne
| càren
| carna
|
|
|
| 64
| blood
| sanc
| sangh
| saangh
|
|
|
| 65
| bone
| òs
| òss
| òss
|
|
|
| 66
| fat (n.)
| gras
| grass
| grass
|
|
|
| 67
| egg
| öf
| öv
| ööf
|
|
|
| 68
| horn
| córen
| córen
| còrnu, còran
|
|
|
| 69
| tail
| cùa
| cùa
| cúa
|
|
|
| 70
| feather (rather not down)
| pèna
| pèna, piöma
| pèna, piüma, plüma
|
|
|
| 71
| hair
| caèl
| cheèi
| cavej
|
|
|
| 72
| head
| có
| có
| coo, cuu
|
|
|
| 73
| ear
| orècia
| orègia
| urègja
|
|
|
| 74
| eye
| öcc
| ögg
| öcc
|
|
|
| 75
| nose
| nas
| nas
| naas
|
|
|
| 76
| mouth
| bóca
| bóca
| buca
|
|
|
| 77
| tooth (rather not molar)
| dét
| dét
| deent
|
|
|
| 78
| tongue
| lèngua
| lèngua, lapa
| léngua
|
|
|
| 79
| fingernail
| öngia
| öngia
| ungja
|
|
|
| 80
| foot
| pè
| pé
| pé, pée
|
|
|
| 81
| leg
| gamba
| gamba
| gamba
|
|
|
| 82
| knee
| zönöcc
| zenöcc
| genöcc
|
|
|
| 83
| hand
| mà
| mà
| man
|
|
|
| 84
| wing
| àla
| sèa
| ala,ara
|
|
|
| 85
| belly
| pànsa
| pansa
| panza
|
|
|
| 86
| guts
| bödèle
| bödèi
| büdej
|
|
|
| 87
| neck
| còl
| còl
| coll
|
|
|
| 88
| back
| schéna
| dòss, schéna
| doss, s·cèna
|
|
|
| 89
| breast
| stòmec
| pècc, tèta
| pècc, tèta
|
|
|
| 90
| heart
| cör
| cör
| cöör
|
|
|
| 91
| liver
| figàt
| fìdegh
| fídegh
|
|
|
| 92
| to drink
| béer
| biv
| beef
|
|
|
| 93
| to eat
| majà
| mangiá
| mangjá
|
|
|
| 94
| to bite
| piá
| pïá
|
|
|
|
| 95
| to suck
| ciüciá
| tetá, ciciá
| tetá sücjá
|
|
|
| 96
| to spit
| spüdá
| spüdá
| spüdá, spüá
|
|
|
| 97
| to vomit
| bötá sö
| dá de stòmegh
| dá da stòmegh, trá sü
|
|
|
| 98
| to blow (as wind)
| sopjá
| bufá
| bufá
|
|
|
| 99
| to breathe
| respirá
| fiadá
| fiadá
|
|
|
| 100
| to laugh
| ríder
| grigná
| grigná, riid
|
|
|
| 101
| to see
| éder
| vèd
| vidé
|
|
|
| 102
| to hear
| sènter
| sènt
| sentí
|
|
|
| 103
| to know (a fact)
| saì
| saì
| savé
|
|
|
| 104
| to think
| pensá
| pensá
| pensá
|
|
|
| 105
| to smell (sense odor)
| snazá
| usmá
| usmá
|
|
|
| 106
| to fear
| ìga póra
| ìga póra
| vegh pagüra
|
|
|
| 107
| to sleep
| dórmer
| durmì
| durmì
|
|
|
| 108
| to live
| scampà, vìver
| vií
| viif
|
|
|
| 109
| to die
| mörer
| mör
| murí
|
|
|
| 110
| to kill
| copá
| copá
| cupá
|
|
|
| 111
| to fight
| combáter
| lotá
| lütá
|
|
|
| 112
| to hunt (transitive)
| cassá
| cassá
| cassá
|
|
|
| 113
| to hit
| picá
| picá
| picá
|
|
|
| 114
| to cut
| tajá
| teá
| tajá
|
|
|
| 115
| to split
| spartéser
| spartì
| spartì
|
|
|
| 116
| to stab (or stick)
| scortelá
| pögnalá
| pügnalá
|
|
|
| 117
| to scratch (an itch)
| gratá
| gratá, sgrafá
| gratá, sgrafá
|
|
|
| 118
| to dig
| scaá
| scaá
| scavá
|
|
|
| 119
| to swim
| ugá
| nodá
| nudá
|
|
|
| 120
| to fly (v.)
| ulá
| sgulá
| gurá
|
|
|
| 121
| to walk
| caminá
| caminá
| caminá
|
|
|
| 122
| to come
| vègner
| vègn
| vegní
|
|
|
| 123
| to lie (as on one's side)
| bötás zó
| slongás zó
| slungass gjò
|
|
|
| 124
| to sit
| sentás zó
| sentás
| setass gjò
|
|
|
| 125
| to stand
| stá 'n pé
| saltá ‘mpé
| saltá in pé
|
|
|
| 126
| to turn (change direction)
| girá, ultá
| ultá
| vultá
|
|
|
| 127
| to fall (as in drop)
| burlá zó
| borlá zò, crodá
| burlá gjò
|
|
|
| 128
| to give
| dá
| dá
| dá
|
|
|
| 129
| to hold (in one's hand)
| tègner sàlt
| tègn
| teegn,tegní
|
|
|
| 130
| to squeeze
| schisá
| ströcá
| schiscjá
|
|
|
| 131
| to rub
| frigá, sgürá
| sgürá
| sgurá
|
|
|
| 132
| to wash
| laá
| laá
| lavá
|
|
|
| 133
| to wipe
| sügá, snetá
| sügá / netá
| sügá / netá
|
|
|
| 134
| to pull
| tirá
| tirá
| tirá
|
|
|
| 135
| to push
| spuciá
| rüsá
| rüsá
|
|
|
| 136
| to throw
| trá
| bötá viá
| bütá vía, trá vía
|
|
|
| 137
| to tie
| ligá
| tacá
| tacá
|
|
|
| 138
| to sew
| cùzer
| cüsì
| cüsì
|
|
|
| 139
| to count
| cöntá
| cüntá
| cüntá
|
|
|
| 140
| to say
| dì
| dì
| dì
|
|
|
| 141
| to sing
| cantá
| cantá
| cantá
|
|
|
| 142
| to play
| züga
| zögá
| gjügá
|
|
|
| 143
| to float
| stá a gàla
| galesá
| galesá
|
|
|
| 144
| to flow
| scórer
| passá zó ????
|
|
|
|
| 145
| to freeze
| zelá
| conzelá
| cungelá
|
|
|
| 146
| to swell
| s·gionfá, nì 'nfjàt
| sgiunfá
| sgunfiá
|
|
|
| 147
| sun
| sul
| sul
| suu
|
|
|
| 148
| moon
| lüna
| lüna
| lüna
|
|
|
| 149
| star
| stèla
| stèla
| stèla
|
|
|
| 150
| water
| àiva
| aqua, èigua
| aqua, égua, aigua
|
|
|
| 151
| rain
| àiva
| piöv
| piööf
|
|
|
| 152
| river
| fjöm
| fiöm, rì
| fiümm, flümm, rin
|
|
|
| 153
| lake
| lac
| lagh
| laach
|
|
|
| 154
| sea (as in ocean)
| mar
| mar
| maar
|
|
|
| 155
| salt
| sal
| sal
| saa
|
|
|
| 156
| stone
| préda
| préda
| préda, pédra, préa
|
|
|
| 157
| sand
| sàbia
| sàbia
| sàbia
|
|
|
| 158
| dust
| pólver
| pólver
| pólvra
|
|
|
| 159
| earth (as in soil)
| tèra
| tèra
| tèra
|
|
|
| 160
| cloud
| nígol
| nìola
| nígula
|
|
|
| 161
| fog
| ghèba, nèbia
| bórda, nèbia
| scighéra, nèbia
|
|
|
| 162
| sky
| cél
| cél
| ceel
|
|
|
| 163
| wind (as in breeze)
| vènt
| vènt
| veent
|
|
|
| 164
| snow
| néf
| niv, fiòca
| neef, fiòca
|
|
|
| 165
| ice
| giàs
| giàss
| gjass
|
|
|
| 166
| smoke
| föm
| föm
| fümm
|
|
|
| 167
| fire
| föc
| fögh
| fööch
|
|
|
| 168
| ashes
| sèner
| sènder
| scendra
|
|
|
| 169
| burn (intransitive)
| brüzá
| brüsá
| brüsá
|
|
|
| 170
| road
| stràda
| strada
| strada
|
|
|
| 171
| mountain
| mut
| montagna
| muntagna
|
|
|
| 172
| red
| rós
| róss
| russ
|
|
|
| 173
| green
| vért
| vérd
| veert
|
|
|
| 174
| yellow
| zalt
| zald
| gjaalt
|
|
|
| 175
| white
| bjanc
| biànch
| biaanch, blanch
|
|
|
| 176
| black
| négher
| nìgher
| négar, negru
|
|
|
| 177
| night
| nòt
| nòcc
| nott, nòit, nocc
|
|
|
| 178
| day (daytime)
| dé
| dé
| dí
|
|
|
| 179
| year
| an
| an
| an,ann
|
|
|
| 180
| warm (as in weather)
| calt
| cóld
| coolt
|
|
|
| 181
| cold (as in weather)
| frèt
| frègg
| frègg, frecc, freit
|
|
|
| 182
| full
| pjé
| pié
| pien, plen
|
|
|
| 183
| new
| nöf
| növ
| nööf
|
|
|
| 184
| old
| vècc
| ègg
| vecc
|
|
|
| 185
| good
| bù
| bù,buna
| bun, buna
|
|
|
| 186
| bad
| catíf
| de catìv
| catiif
|
|
|
| 187
| rotten (as a log)
| màrs
| mars
| maarsc
|
|
|
| 188
| dirty
| spórc ???????
| spórch
| vuunc
|
|
|
| 189
| straight
| drit
| drécc
| drizz
|
|
|
| 190
| round
| rotónt
| tép ????
| ruduund
|
|
|
| 191
| sharp (as a knife)
| gös
| göss
| güzz
|
|
|
| 192
| dull (as a knife)
| móc
| móch
| mucch
|
|
|
| 193
| smooth
| lis
| léss
| liss
|
|
|
| 194
| wet
| ömet
| ömed
| ümit
|
|
|
| 195
| dry (adjective)
| sèc
| sèch, söcc
| secch, sücc
|
|
|
| 196
| right (correct)
| giöst
| giöst
| gjüüst
|
|
|
| 197
| near
| derènt, vizì
| apröv, visì
| aprööf, areent, vesin
|
|
|
| 198
| far
| delóns
| de luntà
| luntan
|
|
|
| 199
| right (side)
| dèstra
| drécia
| drita
|
|
|
| 200
| left (side)
| sinìstra, mansìna
| mansina
| manzina
|
|
|
| 201
| at
| a
| a
| a
|
|
|
| 202
| in
| en
| dét in
| in, deent in
|
|
|
| 203
| with (accompanying)
| còn, có
| con
| cun
|
|
|
| 204
| and
| e
| e
| e
|
|
|
| 205
| if
| se
| sé
| si, se
|
|
|
| 206
| because
| perchè
| perchè
| parchè, par che
|
|
|
| 207
| name
| nòm
| nòm
| nomm
|
|
|